• Neural coding across auditory pathways shows how single neurons encode sound properties, revealing early tonotopy and diverse response patterns from cochlear nuclei to midbrain across species [1], [2], [8], [16], [15].

• Cortical evoked potentials and cortical audiometry emerged as objective measures of auditory acuity and decision-related processing in humans, linking perception to brain activity during discrimination tasks and rapid evaluation of sound [5], [6], [10].

• Cerebral dominance, lateralization, and auditory asymmetry framed how hemispheric specialization shapes perception and cortical processing of auditory stimuli, including ear preference and cortical dominance findings [3], [18], [12].

• Developmental maturation and aging of the auditory system were studied via mouse development, presbycusis pathology, and brain-damage effects on perception, illustrating plasticity and decline across the lifespan [9], [17], [13].

• Theoretical and psychoacoustic modeling of hearing integrated pitch analysis, frequency decomposition, and harmonic perception, laying groundwork for understanding auditory processing and limits of the ear [4], [11], [19], [7].